Future HABITATS IN L.E.O.
THE NEXT WAVE OF Commercial L.e.o. SPACE STATIONS
Updated April, 2024 by Jonathan Roll
axiom station
Lead Institutions: Axiom Space
Partner Institutions: Thales Alenia
Progress:
- 2022 Sep – MOU’s with Turkey & the Saudi space commission for astronaut trips; Canada, Hungry & New Zealand for research
- 2024 Feb – Ax-3 mission to ISS completed; 3 weeks duration; American-Italian-Turkish-Swedish crew
Target Dates:
- 2024 – Multiple comprehensive design reviews
- 2025 – Pressure vessel, once welding is completed by Thales Alenia, delivered to Axiom for integration.
- 2026 (late) – Hab One to be launched to ISS
NASA NextSTEP Award: $140 mil.
Envisioned Crew: TBD
Power: ? Volume: ?
Mission/Vision: “Construction of the world’s first commercial space station”, from modules attached to ISS to independence.”
Intended Capabilities: Hab One (Ax-H1) intends to have 4 crew quarters with research and manufacturing capacity. Hab Two (Ax-H2) will ad four further crew quarters with added complete life-support systems. The Research & Manufacturing Facility (Ax-RMF) will be a module for state of the art research. And the Power Thermal Module (Ax-PTM) will expand on environmental, life support, storage, and payload capabilities.
ASU Engagement: Axiom and ASU are both executive-level Commercial Spaceflight Federation members. ASU’s growing expertise across robotics-teaming & human systems engineering could add value to Axiom’s training programs. Additionally, ASU’s lessons-learned from convening a University Advisory Council for another LEO architecture could be leveraged on Axiom’s behalf.
orbital reef
Lead Institutions: Blue Origin, Sierra Space
Partner Institutions: Boeing, Redwire, AWS, Amazon Supply Chain, Genesis Engineering Solutions, IBM, Arizona State University
Progress:
- 2023 Apr – Blue Origin announces new 43k sq.ft. facility in Phoenix for “advanced spacecraft”
- 2023 Dec – Completed tests for window systems & structural components demonstration
- 2024 Jan – Received $42mil from unused Northrop withdrawn SAA and “other program funding”
- 2024 Jan – LIFE module performed “ultimate burst pressure test”
- 2024 Feb – Dream Chaser underwent Sine Vibration Testing, before upcoming T-Vac testing
- 2024 Mar – Testing milestones for 4 critical life support systems: trace contaminant control, water contaminant oxidation, urine water recovery, water tank test
- 2024 Mar – Leadership from Blue Origin & Sierra Space publish article in NPJ Microgravity journal discussing opportunities and updated intent
Target Dates:
- 2024 Aug – (supporting) Blue Origin’s New Glenn test flight
- 2024 (mid) – (supporting) Sierra’s Dream Chaser undergoes T-vac testing
- 2026 – (supporting) Sierra’s crewed Dream Chaser orbital test flight
- 2027 – Orbital Reef operational
NASA Commercial LEO Destinations Award: $130 mil. + $42 mil.
Envisioned Crew: 6-10
Power: ? Volume: 830m3
Mission/Vision: “Space station business park with straightforword access for all.”
Intended Capabilities: Capacities will include “Transport logistics, Leased space, Utilities, Multiple docking berths.” Will provide help with system hardware development, robotic and crew-tended operations and servicing & habitation amenities. 4-6 permanent crew.”
ASU Engagement: ASU leads the Orbital Reef University Advisory Council, a global consortium of 14 universities (including Stanford & Oxford) with expertise in space and microgravity research. The Council will “focus academic community needs, stimulate research, advise novice researchers, evolve standards of conduct, and lead STEM outreach.”
starlab
Lead Institutions: Voyager Space/Nanoracks
Partner Institutions: Airbus, Mitsubishi Corps, Northrop Grumman (Cygnus spacecraft), The Ohio State University, ASU/MILO, University of Michigan, Purdue University
Progress:
- 2022 Oct – Plans for GWCSP terrestrial component to be established at the Ohio State Univ.
- 2023 Jan – Airbus supplants Lockheed Martin as main partner with Voyager on project.
- 2023 Nov – Voyager Space & Airbus sign MOU with European Space Agency (ESA)
- 2023 Dec – Three milestones completed: SDR, optical link demo, alternative urine processor demo
- 2024 Jan – Received $57.5mil from unused Northrop withdrawn SAA and “other program funding”
- 2024 Jan – Voyager/Nanoracks buys SpaceX launch (intended to be on Starship) for later in the decade
- 2024 Jan – Voyager & Airbus start official Starlab Space LLC
- 2024 Mar – Mitsubishi Corp. becomes strategic partner
Target Dates:
- 2024 (late) – Optical link demo; Alternative urine processor demo
- 2028 – Starlab Operational
NASA Commercial LEO Destinations Award: $160 mil. + $57.5 mil
Envisioned Crew: 4
Power: 60kW Volume: 340m3
Mission/Vision: “Multifunctional Station for commerce & innovation, business and science.”
Intended Capabilities: “Inflatable habitat, robotic arm for servicing cargo and external payloads, Ohio State Univ.’s George Washington Carver Science Park (GWCSP) state-of-the art lab will host advanced research and science covering 4 core topics & an open workbench.”
ASU Engagement: ASU is informally part of discussion with Ohio State University on GWCSP research plans.
haven-1
Lead Institutions: Vast Space
Partner Institutions: SpaceX (for launch), AnySignal (RF connectivity & sensing platform)
Progress:
- 2024 Feb – Announced would bid on NASA’s private astronaut mission opportunities alongside Axiom.
- 2024 Mar – Hired Clay Mowry as advisor (priorly of Voyager, Blue Origin, Arianespace, & IAF)
Target Dates:
- 2025 (late) – Launching LEO research habitation module; Launching Vast-1 crewed mission shortly after.
NASA Collaborations for Commercial Space Capabilities-2 (CCSC-2) Agreement: Unfunded, but NASA shared data & expertise
Envisioned Crew: 4 crew
Power: Up to 1,000 watts Volume: ?
Mission/Vision: “The world’s first commercial space station, a single-module station supports both crew and payloads, and provides both microgravity and Lunar artificial gravity environments.”
Intended Capabilities: “The station plans to have logistics on board to facilitate docking with Dragon. With the addition of the Dragon spacecraft, Haven-1 would be able to sustain 4-crew missions with 24/7 communication facilities, up to 150 kg of preloaded cargo mass, and science, research, and in-space manufacturing opportunities for up to 30 days. Haven-1 also plans to be able to offer a variety of amenities and facilities to paying customers, such as having a large window dome on board for photography and viewing, always-on internet through onboard Wi-Fi, resting rooms, and more.”
ASU Engagement: …
(Withdrawn) northrop grumman
commercial space station
NASA Press Release, Oct. 4, 2023: Link
Lead Institutions: Northrop Grumman
Partner Institutions: Dynetics, Star Harbor
Progress:
- 2022 Sep – Northrop Grumman and Star Harbor partner on market research & crew training.
- 2022 Oct – Iterate off Cygnus heritage; Lower tech risk and reliable; Differs from flashy first-time competitors’ hardware and design.
- Current SAA gets them through PDR.
Target Dates:
- 2027 – NG Commercial Space Station operational
NASA Commercial LEO Destinations Award: $125.6 mil.
Envisioned Crew: 4-6
Power: ? Volume: 150-300m3
Mission/Vision: “Space-as-a-service commercial LEO station to continue work of the ISS
Intended Capabilities: “Heritage-heavy from Cygnus & HALO for rapid deployment & modular expansion to meet the growing needs of the space economy. Multiple docking ports, crew habitats, labs, movie production, crew ailocks, and facillities capable of providing artifical gravity, in-space manufactuing, external payloads platform support and science & research support.”
ASU Engagement: Northrop Grumman’s “launch business components” have facillities in Phoenix. Perhaps ASU could consult at some point with this station’s institutional team on lessons-learned and best practices from the orbital Reef University Advisory Council once it gets underway?
REFERENCES
Axiom Station
- 4/8/2024 – Company’s webpage – “A Breakthrough Orbital Platform”
- 2/?/2024 – Company sponsored YouTube video – “Axiom Station, See the Progress”
- 2/15/2024 – SpaceNews.com article – Industry seeks more resources, policy changes to support ISS transition
Orbital Reef (Blue Origin & Sierra Space)
- A Closer Look. http://parabolicarc.com/2022/02/02/a-closer-look-at-blue-origins-orbital-reef-commercial-space-station/
- Brief video. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SC3ooNXfcGE&t=140s
- “NASA awards $130 million to Orbital Reef space station”. https://news.asu.edu/20211202-global-engagement-nasa-awards-130-million-orbital-reef-space-station
- Orbital Reef one-pager. https://blueorigin-static-assets.s3.amazonaws.com/assets/orbital-reef-one-pager.pdf
- Sierra Space Hires Former SpaceX Executive as CIO. https://spacenews.com/sierra-space-hires-former-spacex-executive-as-cio/
- 3/29/2024 – NPG – Microgravity journal article – “Orbital Reef and commercial low Earth orbit destinations—upcoming space research opportunities”
- 3/20/2024 – NASA article – NASA Sees Progress on Blue Origin’s Orbital Reef Life Support System
- 2/23/2024 – Space.com article – “Blue Origin’s New Glenn rocket rises on launch pad ahead of debut”
Starlab (Voyager Space/Nanoracks)
- A Closer Look. http://parabolicarc.com/2022/02/01/a-closer-look-at-nanoracks-starlab-commercial-space-station/
- Brief video. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=P-C0xjNdq-A
- 8/7/2022 — Space.com article — “NASA, Private companies count on market demand for future space stations after ISS”
- 2/15/2024 – SpaceNews.com article – Industry seeks more resources, policy changes to support ISS transition
Haven-1 (Vast Space)
- 2/?/2024 – BusinessWire.com – “AnySignal and Vast Space Partner on Next Generation Space Communication Technologies”
- 6/15/2023 – NASA article – Seven US Companies Collaborate with NASA to Advance Space Capabilities
- 5/?/2023 – Long Beach Business Journal article – “1st commercial space station—made in Long Beach—to launch as early as 2025”
(withdrawn) Northrop Grumman’s Commercial Space Station
- A Closer Look. http://parabolicarc.com/2022/02/02/a-closer-look-at-northrop-grumman-commercial-space-station/
- Brief video. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FMEV38XwChE
- General info & Station Specifications. https://www.northropgrumman.com/space/commercial-space-station/
- “The Commercial Future of Low-Earth Orbit”. https://www.techbriefs.com/component/content/article/tb/pub/features/articles/46276
- NASA Press Release of Northrop Grumman’s Withdrawal (Oct. 4, 2023): https://www.nasa.gov/humans-in-space/commercial-space/nasa-partners-combine-efforts-for-low-earth-orbit-commercial-station/
International Space Station
- NASA core information. https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/station/main/index.html
Lunar Gateway
- NASA core information. https://www.nasa.gov/gateway/